核心原则：先断开，再简化（只有断开还看不懂再简化）

第一部分：断开长难句

先找标点，再找连接词，都找不到再分析主谓。

断句只看谓语动词，不考虑非谓语动词（todo done doing），因为非谓语动词都是补充，而且一个句子只有一个谓语。

先找从句，但是先看主句，即把从句去掉，因为都是补充说明，所以去掉就行！

一、标点（前后都是话，不是单词）：逗号，冒号，分号

①The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.

这个想法在直觉上是令人信服的，但它并不能解释想法实际上是如何传播的。

The idea is intuitively compelling,

but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.

②It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.

很难想象，许多人愚蠢到想要孩子，仅仅因为瑞茜和安吉丽娜让孩子看起来如此迷人：大多数成年人都明白婴儿不是理发

It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous:

most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.

英语中：表示后面是对前面的一种补充说明，也可以从连接词断开

③Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.

此外，批发业的平均总利润率高于零售业；随着越来越多的欧洲人经常外出就餐，食品服务部门的批发需求迅速增长；而这一分散行业的竞争动态的变化最终使批发商得以整合。

Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail;

wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;

and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.

二、连接词（最常用，最主要），前后都是句子有用

并列连词：and but or …

从属连词：because if while although as …

关系词：that how wh‐…

从句开始于连接词（就近修饰），结束于三种位置：

（一）结束于标点

（二）结束于下一个连接词前

（三）结束于第二个谓语动词前

①One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.

然而，任命如此出人意料的原因之一是，吉尔伯特的知名度相对较低。

One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,

however,

is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.

②Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics‐minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops.

一些树种因生长速度太慢，或销售价值太低，无法作为木材作物支付，而被具有经济头脑的林业工作者“逐出党”。

【并列句不完整不能断】

Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics‐minded foresters

because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops.

③Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.

如今，他们认为市场价格夸大了损失，因为它们在很大程度上反映了市场的暂时流动性不足，而不是坏账的可能程度。

【没有谓语动词就不是一个句子，所以not这里不断开】

Today they argue that market prices overstate losses,

because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.

④But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.

但从长远来看，我们可以相当肯定地说，有一个惊人的数字。

【每个分句只有一个谓语动词，那就是断开成功】

But take a longer view

and there is a surprising amount

that we can say with considerable assurance.

⑤Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business‐method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.

现在，国家最高专利法院似乎完全准备缩减商业方法专利，自10年前首次授权以来，商业方法专利一直备受争议。

【先标点，后连接词，ever since作为修饰就放一起】

Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business‐method patents,

which have been controversial

ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.

⑥ The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.

英国福利的原则不再是，如果灾难发生，你可以为自己投保失业风险，并获得无条件付款。

The principle of British welfare is no longer

that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments

if the disaster happens.

⑦Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states.

到目前为止，许多只在一个州或几个州有实体存在的卖家在运送到这些州以外的地址时，能够避免收取销售税。

【从句开始于连接词（就近修饰）结束于第二个谓语动词前】

Until now, many sellers

that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states

have been able to avoid charging sales taxes

when they ship to addresses outside those states.

⑧Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.

其次，大多数使用网络计算机上传的人甚至不知道他们所做的事情的重要性。

Second, the majority of people

who use networked computers to upload

are not even aware of the significance of

what they are doing.

⑨If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would‐be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.

如果律师资格考试对未来律师来说真的是一个严峻的考验，那么那些能够提前参加考试的人应该被允许参加。

If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would‐be lawyer,

those who can sit it earlier

should be allowed to do so.

⑩When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education.

当竞争环境促使我们的祖先实现这一潜力时，他们反过来可以负担更多的教育。

When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential,

they could in turn afford more education.

三、分析主谓

先找谓语动词（有四种变化），再往前面看找主语。

补充谓语的四个变化

两个形式：加粗的为从句

主谓主谓 主主谓谓

①The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, ...

国际会计准则理事会表示，它不想在没有总体规划的情况下采取行动。。。

【主谓主谓】

The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, ...

②Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share…

艾伦的贡献是假设我们大家都有…

【主谓主谓】

Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share…

③When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political...

当法院处理社会政策决定时，它所塑造的法律不可避免地具有政治性。。。

【主主谓谓】

When the court deals with social policy decisions,

the law it shapes is inescapably political...

④The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.

消费者现在处理购买决策过程的方式意味着营销的影响来源于传统付费媒体之外的广泛因素。

【主主谓谓】

The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means

that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.

第二部分：简化长难句

核 心： 主语、谓语动词、宾语、表语、补语

非核心：（去掉） 形容词、副词、介词短语（时间地点）、非谓语动词、 同位语、插入语等

①During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds — including government, higher education, non‐profit and corporate — varied from around 4% to 25%; ...

在20世纪90年代末，国家用于社会科学和人文科学的支出占所有研究和发展基金（包括政府、高等教育、非营利和企业）的百分比从4%到25%不等。。。

During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds — including government, higher education, non‐profit and corporate — varied from around 4% to 25%; ...

②Curbs on business‐method claims would be a dramatic about‐face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so‐called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual fund assets.

对商业方法索赔的限制将是一个戏剧性的转变，因为是联邦巡回法院本身在1998年所谓的州街银行案中引入了这类专利，批准了一项共同基金资产集合方式的专利。

Curbs on business‐method claims would be a dramatic about‐face,

【that是强调，不断开】

because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so‐called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual fund assets.

③A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management — especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.

一系列事故，包括2007年冷却塔部分倒塌和发现地下管道系统泄漏，引发了对佛蒙特州扬基公司安全和Entergy公司管理层的严重质疑-尤其是在该公司对管道做出误导性声明之后。

A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management

— especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.

④The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.

同样戏剧性的技术变革为营销人员提供了更多（和更多样化）的通信选择，也增加了热情的消费者以更快、更明显和更具破坏性的方式表达意见的风险。

【所有的从句都是就近修饰，跟着谁，修饰谁】

The same dramatic technological changes

that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk 【that 做成分 定语从句】

that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. 【that 不做成分，同位语从句】

第三部分 分裂结构（去分裂，再正常看长难句）

一、插入式的分裂结构

①Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.

全国广告商协会（Association of National广告商）首席执行官鲍勃·利奥迪奇（Bob Liodice）表示，如果该行业无法收集消费者偏好的信息，消费者的境况将更糟。

【同位语插入语，用标点隔开，先不看】

【主谓主谓】

Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.

②These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

他们说，这些赞助人在他们所选择的领域取得了成功，他们希望利用他们的财富来吸引那些在科学领域取得成功的人的注意。

These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say,

and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those

who have succeeded in science.

③Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.

然而，这些生物是生物群落的成员，如果其稳定性取决于其完整性，它们有权继续生存。

Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.

二、从句后移式的分裂结构

①Contrary to the descriptions on record, no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.

与记录的描述相反，没有发现系统证据表明生产力水平与照明变化有关。

【that 解释说明evidence，因为从句太长了，主句短，所以要后移】

Contrary to the descriptions on record, no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.

②But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.

但当核管理委员会（NRC）审查该公司的申请时，它应该记住Entergy的承诺是值得的。

But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.

第四部分 嵌套结构（按照正常的拆分，当一个句子结束另一个句子就开始了）

①The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate.

最大的问题是谁应该从分析我们生活中产生的所有数据中受益。 

The great question is

who should benefit from the analysis of all the data

that our lives now generate.

②If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivise that kind of science.

如果我们认真确保我们的科学既有意义又可复制，我们必须确保我们的机构激励这类科学。

If we are serious about ensuring

that our science is both meaningful and reproducible,

we must ensure that our institutions incentivise that kind of science.

第五部分 平行结构（找到 and or先往后看，再往前看）

一、名词（词组）的平行并列

The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony.

英国人、德国人、荷兰人和法国人都在英国的前殖民地投资。

二、动词的平行并列（谓语动词、非谓语动词）

The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.

这一过程从极度活跃的美国席卷到欧洲，并以无与伦比的力量到达新兴国家。

三、介词短语的平行并列

Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.

心理健康使我们能够在他人遇到困难时以同情的态度看待他们，在痛苦时以仁慈的态度看待他人，无论他们是谁，都能以无条件的爱看待他们。

四、句子的平行并列

the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it.

问题不仅在于人们做了不好的科学，而且在于我们目前的职业发展体系积极鼓励了科学。