口语笔记——非谓语动词

称谓由来：动词本身是作谓语的，当动词不作谓语时，就称为非谓语动词。

非谓语形式

• 不定式：to do，表将来
• 动名词: doing，只出现在主宾表中，不涉及动作。
• 现在分词: doing：表现在
• 过去分词: done：表过去

非谓语表示动作时（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）主要出现在定语、状语、同位语中。

作主语

动词不能作主语，只有换成不定式和动名词才可以作主语。

• To learn English is hard.
• Learning English is hard.

不定式（to do)作主语

• To go to school by bus will take us one hour.

等价于：That we go to school by bus will take us one hour. 与上面不定式相比，下面的从句仅仅比上面的不定式多了一个主语，所以不定式应该被看作一个句子。

主语太长时可以换成形式主语：It will take us one hour to go to school by bus.

• To see what is going on really excites me. 去看看发生什么了让我很激动。

• Not to need to do the homework really makes me happy. 不用做作业真让我开心。

• To learn English well needs patience. 学好英语需要耐心。

  非谓语动词作主语需要用三单形式。

• To keep a dog needs not only time but also patience. 养狗不仅需要时间，还需要耐心。

• To go to college is my dream. 上大学是我的梦想。

• To help people that needs help is our duty. 帮助需要帮助的人是我们的职责

• To learn English is important for me. 学英语对我来说是重要的。

等价于：It is important for me to learn English.

• To finish the homework by ten is easy for me.

等价于：It is easy to finish the homework for me. (for me可以放中间，也可以放后面）

• To say so is rude of you. 你这么说很粗鲁。

  对比差异：

  1. You are rude. 表示这个人粗鲁（平常）。
  2. It is rude of you. (因为某件事而显得粗鲁)。

• To ask this question is stupid of him. 他真笨问这个问题。

  等价于：It is stupid of him to ask this question.

类似的形容词还有：
thoughtful: 很会照顾人的
cruel: 残忍的
selfish: 自私的
wise：聪明的
naughty: 淘气的
mean: 小气的

动名词（doing）

• Studying can change your future. 学习能改变你的未来。
• Taking this job means you have to quit the job you have now. 接受这个工作意味着你要辞掉现在的工作。
• Reading newspaper can broaden（拓展） our views. 读报纸能拓宽 我们的视野。
• Reading can enrich yourself. 读书能充实自己。
• Being generous（大方的） can get you more friends. 大方能帮你交到更多朋友。

  要让形容词作主语，可以在前面加being.

• Learning English isn’t so hard. 学英语没那么难。

• Smoking in public isn’t right. 公共场合抽烟不对。

• Running is good for your health. 跑步对你的健康有好处。

• his working all night leads to a code. 他整晚工作导致他感冒了。

动名词也可以在前面加物主代词，形成名词所有格

• his coming back makes his mum happy.

• his crying at night woke up his neighbors.

• his talking back makes his parents hungry

• complaining is no use. 抱怨没有用。

  == It is no use complaining.

• stealing is a shame. 偷东西可耻。

  == It is no use complaining.

• buying this is a waste of money. 买这个浪费钱。

  == It is no use complaining.

• playing with hire is dangous. 玩火很危险。

  == It is no use complaining.

• talking too much without doing is useless. 说再多不做也没用。

  == It is useless talking too much without doing.

to do 和 doing 作主语区别

• 动名词泛指常态
  • I like playing basketball. 我喜欢打篮球（一直喜欢）
  • Learning English is important. 学英语很重要。
• 不定式指具体某一次，有具体的人、具体的事
  • I like to play basketball now. 我现在喜欢去打篮球
  • To learn English is important for me. 学英语对我来说重要（强调对我）