2019独角兽企业重金招聘Python工程师标准>>> 
在Debian系的Linux系统中，可以编辑/etc/environment文件，增加下面几行：
http_proxy=http://myproxy.server.com:8080/
https_proxy=http://myproxy.server.com:8080/
ftp_proxy=http://myproxy.server.com:8080/
no_proxy="localhost,127.0.0.1,localaddress,.localdomain.com"
HTTP_PROXY=http://myproxy.server.com:8080/
HTTPS_PROXY=http://myproxy.server.com:8080/
FTP_PROXY=http://myproxy.server.com:8080/
NO_PROXY="localhost,127.0.0.1,localaddress,.localdomain.com"然后执行
$ source /etc/environment这时候，大部分的软件都可以通过代理上网了。
还有一部分使用Gnome配置的软件仍然不能上网，可以这样解决，命令行：
gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy mode 'manual'
gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy.http host 'myproxy.server.com'
gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy.http port 8080对于apt来说，还可以这样设定：
在/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/下创建一个文件，比如可以是：95proxies，内容是：
Acquire::http::proxy "http://myproxy.server.com:8080/";
Acquire::ftp::proxy "ftp://myproxy.server.com:8080/";
Acquire::https::proxy "https://myproxy.server.com:8080/";当然，还有大神写的开启和关闭proxy的Bash：
proxyon.sh:
if [ $(id -u) -ne 0 ]; then
echo "This script must be run as root";
exit 1;
fi
if [ $# -eq 2 ]
then
gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy mode 'manual' ;
gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy.http host '$1';
gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy.http port $2;
grep PATH /etc/environment > lol.t;
printf \
"http_proxy=http://$1:$2/\n\
https_proxy=http://$1:$2/\n\
ftp_proxy=http://$1:$2/\n\
no_proxy=\"localhost,127.0.0.1,localaddress,.localdomain.com\"\n\
HTTP_PROXY=http://$1:$2/\n\
HTTPS_PROXY=http://$1:$2/\n\
FTP_PROXY=http://$1:$2/\n\
NO_PROXY=\"localhost,127.0.0.1,localaddress,.localdomain.com\"\n" >> lol.t;
cat lol.t > /etc/environment;
printf \
"Acquire::http::proxy \"http://$1:$2/\";\n\
Acquire::ftp::proxy \"ftp://$1:$2/\";\n\
Acquire::https::proxy \"https://$1:$2/\";\n" > /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/95proxies;
rm -rf lol.t;
else
printf "Usage $0 <proxy_ip> <proxy_port>\n";
fiproxyoff.sh:
if [ $(id -u) -ne 0 ]; then
echo "This script must be run as root";
exit 1;
fi
gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy mode 'none' ;
grep PATH /etc/environment > lol.t;
cat lol.t > /etc/environment;
printf "" > /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/95proxies;
rm -rf lol.t;使用方法如下：
$ sudo ./proxyon.sh 10.2.20.17 8080
OR
$ sudo ./proxyon.sh myproxy.server.com 8080
$ sudo ./proxyoff.sh更多的Bash也有这样写的（前面管用了，你可以忽略，我只是记录一下）：
Some programs, such as wget and (used by pacman) curl, use environment variables of the form "protocol_proxy" to determine the proxy for a given protocol (e.g. HTTP, FTP, ...).
Below is an example on how to set these variables in a shell:
export http_proxy=http://10.203.0.1:5187/
export https_proxy=$http_proxy
export ftp_proxy=$http_proxy
export rsync_proxy=$http_proxy
export no_proxy="localhost,127.0.0.1,localaddress,.localdomain.com"Some programs look for the all caps version of the environment variables.
If the proxy environment variables are to be made available to all users and all applications, the above mentioned export commands may be added to a script, say "proxy.sh" inside /etc/profile.d/. The script has to be then made executable. This method is helpful while using a Desktop Environment like Xfce which does not provide an option for proxy configuration. For example, Chromium browser will make use of the variables set using this method while running XFCE.
Alternatively you can automate the toggling of the variables by adding a function to your .bashrc (thanks to Alan Pope for original script idea)
function proxy_on() {
export no_proxy="localhost,127.0.0.1,localaddress,.localdomain.com"
if (( $# > 0 )); then
valid=$(echo $@ | sed -n 's/\([0-9]\{1,3\}.\)\{4\}:\([0-9]\+\)/&/p')
if [[ $valid != $@ ]]; then
>&2 echo "Invalid address"
return 1
fi
export http_proxy="http://$1/"
export https_proxy=$http_proxy
export ftp_proxy=$http_proxy
export rsync_proxy=$http_proxy
echo "Proxy environment variable set."
return 0
fi
echo -n "username: "; read username
if [[ $username != "" ]]; then
echo -n "password: "
read -es password
local pre="$username:$password@"
fi
echo -n "server: "; read server
echo -n "port: "; read port
export http_proxy="http://$pre$server:$port/"
export https_proxy=$http_proxy
export ftp_proxy=$http_proxy
export rsync_proxy=$http_proxy
export HTTP_PROXY=$http_proxy
export HTTPS_PROXY=$http_proxy
export FTP_PROXY=$http_proxy
export RSYNC_PROXY=$http_proxy
}
function proxy_off(){
unset http_proxy
unset https_proxy
unset ftp_proxy
unset rsync_proxy
echo -e "Proxy environment variable removed."
}Omit username or password if they are not needed.
As an alternative, you may want to use the following script. Change the strings "YourUserName", "ProxyServerAddress:Port", "LocalAddress" and "LocalDomain" to match your own data, then edit your ~/.bashrc to include the edited functions. Any new bash window will have the new functions. In existing bash windows, type source ~/.bashrc. You may prefer to put function definitions in a separate file like functions then add source functions to .bashrc instead of putting everything in .bashrc. You may also want to change the name "myProxy" into something short and easy to write.
#!/bin/bash
assignProxy(){
PROXY_ENV="http_proxy ftp_proxy https_proxy all_proxy HTTP_PROXY HTTPS_PROXY FTP_PROXY ALL_PROXY"
for envar in $PROXY_ENV
do
export $envar=$1
done
for envar in "no_proxy NO_PROXY"
do
export $envar=$2
done
}
clrProxy(){
assignProxy "" # This is what 'unset' does.
}
myProxy(){
user=YourUserName
read -p "Password: " -s pass && echo -e " "
proxy_value="http://$user:$pass@ProxyServerAddress:Port"
no_proxy_value="localhost,127.0.0.1,LocalAddress,LocalDomain.com"
assignProxy $proxy_value $no_proxy_value
}Keep proxy through sudo
If the proxy environment variables are set for the user only (say, from manual commands or .bashrc) they will get lost when running commands with sudo (or when programs use sudo intenally).
A way to prevent that is to add the following line to the sudo configuration file (accessible with visudo) :
Defaults env_keep += "http_proxy https_proxy ftp_proxy"You may also add any other environment variable, like rsync_proxy, or no_proxy.
Automation with network managers
NetworkManager cannot change the environment variables.
netctl could set-up these environment variables but they would not be seen by other applications as they are not child of netctl.
About libproxy
libproxy (which is available in the extra repository) is an abstraction library which should be used by all applications that want to access a network resource. It still is in development but could lead to a unified and automated handling of proxies in GNU/Linux if widely adopted.
The role of libproxy is to read the proxy settings form different sources and make them available to applications which use the library. The interesting part with libproxy is that it offers an implementation of the Web Proxy Autodiscovery Protocol and an implementation of Proxy Auto-Config that goes with it.
The /usr/bin/proxy binary takes URL(s) as argument(s) and returns the proxy/proxies that could be used to fetch this/these network resource(s).
Note: the version 0.4.11 does not support http_proxy='wpad:' because { pkg-config 'mozjs185 >= 1.8.5'; } fails .
As of 06/04/2009 libproxy is required by libsoup. It is then indirectly used by the Midori browser.
Web Proxy Options
Squid is a very popular caching/optimizing proxy
Privoxy is an anonymizing and ad-blocking proxy
For a simple proxy, ssh with port forwarding can be used
Simple Proxy with SSH
Connect to a server (HOST) on which you have an account (USER) as follows
ssh -D PORT USER@HOSTFor PORT, choose some number which is not an IANA registered port. This specifies that traffic on the local PORT will be forwarded to the remote HOST. ssh will act as a SOCKS server. Software supporting SOCKS proxy servers can simply be configured to connect to PORT on localhost.
Using a SOCKS proxy
There are two cases:
the application you want to use handles SOCKS5 proxies (for example Firefox), then you just have to configure it to use the proxy.
the application you want to use does not handle SOCKS proxies, then you can try to use tsocks or proxychains-ng.
In Firefox, you can use the SOCKS proxy in the menu Preferences > Network > Settings. Choose "Manual Proxy Configuration", and set the SOCKS Host (and only this one, make sure the other fields, such as HTTP Proxy or SSL Proxy are left empty). For example, if a SOCKS5 proxy is running on localhost port 8080, put "127.0.0.1" in the SOCKS Host field, "8080" in the Port field, and validate.
If using proxychains-ng, the configuration takes place in /etc/proxychains.conf. You may have to uncomment the last line (set by default to use Tor), and replace it with the parameters of the SOCKS proxy. For example, if you are using the same SOCKS5 proxy as above, you will have to replace the last line by:
socks5 127.0.0.1 8080Then, proxychains-ng can be launched with
proxychains <program>Where <program> can be any program already installed on your system (e.g. xterm, gnome-terminal, etc).
If using tsocks, the configuration takes place in /etc/tsocks.conf. See man 5 tsocks.conf for the options. An example minimum configuration looks like this:
/etc/tsocks.confserver = 127.0.0.1
server_port = 8080
server_type = 5Proxy settings on GNOME3
Some programs like Chromium prefer to use the settings stored by gnome. These settings can be modified through the gnome-control-center front end and also through gsettings.
gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy mode 'manual'
gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy.http host 'proxy.localdomain.com'
gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy.http port 8080
gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy.ftp host 'proxy.localdomain.com'
gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy.ftp port 8080
gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy.https host 'proxy.localdomain.com'
gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy.https port 8080
gsettings set org.gnome.system.proxy ignore-hosts "['localhost', '127.0.0.0/8', '10.0.0.0/8', '192.168.0.0/16', '172.16.0.0/12' , '*.localdomain.com' ]"This configuration can also be set to automatically execute when Network Manager connects to specific networks , by using the package proxydriverAUR from the AUR
Microsoft NTLM proxy
In a Windows network, NT LAN Manager (NTLM) is a suite of Microsoft security protocols which provides authentication, integrity, and confidentiality to users.
cntlmAUR from the AUR stands between your applications and the NTLM proxy, adding NTLM authentication on-the-fly. You can specify several "parent" proxies and Cntlm will try one after another until one works. All authenticated connections are cached and reused to achieve high efficiency.
(NTLM PROXY IP:PORT + CREDENTIALS + OTHER INFO) -----> (127.0.0.1:PORT)Configuration
Change settings in /etc/cntlm.conf as needed, except for the password. Then run:
$ cntlm -HThis will generate encrypted password hashes according to your proxy hostname, username and password.
Warning: ettercap can easily sniff your password over LAN when using plain-text passwords instead of encrypted hashes.
Edit /etc/cntlm.conf again and include all three generated hashes, then enable cntlm.service.
To test settings, run:
$ cntlm -vUsage
Use 127.0.0.1:<port> or localhost:<port> as a proxy adress. <port> matches the Listen parameter in /etc/cntlm.conf, which by default is 3128.
参考文献：
http://askubuntu.com/questions/150210/how-do-i-set-systemwide-proxy-servers-in-xubuntu-lubuntu-or-ubuntu-studio
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/proxy_settings