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SQL数据库加密方法

news 来源：原创 2024/5/3 14:06:01

转贴自teched讲师: 牛可

基本概念:

第一层服务主密钥

备份服务主密钥
backup service master key to file='c:\smk.bak'
encryption by password='P@ssw0rd'

restore service master key from file='c:\smk.bak'
decryption by password='P@ssw0rd'

第二层数据库主密钥
1)必须先在该数据库上创建数据库主密钥才能使用
create master key encryption by password='P@ssw0rd'

2)使用数据库主密钥
－如果数据库主密钥使用服务密钥进行保护，则在使用时会自动打开
opren master key decryption by password='P@ssw0rd'

3)查看数据库主密钥状态
sys.symmetric_keys

4)备份数据库主密钥
backup master key to file='c:\smk.bak'
encryption by password='P@ssw0rd'

restore master key from file='c:\smk.bak'
decryption by password='P@ssw0rd'

数字证书
创建自签名
create certificate cert_myCert
encryption by password='P@ssw0rd'
with subject='Self Signed Cert',
start_date='1/31/2006'
expiry_date='1/31/2008'

非对称密钥
创建新的密钥对
create asymmetric key asy_Key1
with algorithm=RSA_2048
encryption by password='P@ssw0rd'

对称密钥
创建新的密钥对
create symmetric key SymKeyMarketing3
with algorithm=AES_2048
encryption by certificate asy_Key1

使用对称密钥
使用前必须打开
open symmetric SymKeyMarketing3
decryption by certificate asy_Key1

sys.open_keys

数据列加密
－使用对称密钥加密大量的列数据
－考虑使用证书，非对称密钥保护对称密钥

防止绕过加密数据列的攻击－使用验证器

注:
在加密列上的索引将变得无效
加密数据列的长度增长，建议使用varbinary（max）数据类型
修改已有的dml语句以支持加密的数据列

-----***********示例1 了解数据库加密体系结构*****-----

--************(1) 服务主密钥
--准备工作
--创建测试数据库TestDB
--1)备份服务主密钥
backup service master key to file='g:\smk.bak'
encryption by password='p@ssw0rd'

--2)生成新的主密钥
Alter service master key regenerate

--3)从备份文件还原服务主密钥
Restore service master key from file= file='g:\smk.bak'
encryption by password='p@ssw0rd'

--*************(2) 数据库主密钥
--1)为数据库创建数据库主密钥
create master key encryption by password='p@ssw0rd'
go
--2)查看数据库加密状态
select [name],is_master_key_encrypted_by_server
from sys.databases where name='TestDB'

--3)查看数据库主密钥的信息
select * from sys.symmetric_keys

--4)备份数据库主密钥
backup master key
to file='g:\testdbkey.bak'
encryption by password='p@ssw0rd'

--5)删除服务主密钥对数据库主密钥的保护
--创建非对称密钥成功,自动使用服务主密钥解密并使用该数据库主密钥
create asymmetric key asy_Testkey1 with algorithm=RSA_1024
go
--删除服务主密钥对数据库主密钥的保护
alter master key
drop encryption by service master key
go

--查看数据库加密状态
select [name],is_master_key_encrypted_by_server
from sys.databases where name='TestDB'

--创建非对称密钥失败,因为数据库主密钥未打开
create asymmetric key asy_Testkey2 with algorithm=RSA_1024
go
--打开数据库主密钥
open master key decryption by password='p@ssw0rd'
select * from sys.openkeys
go
--创建非对称密钥成功
create asymmetric key asy_Testkey2 with algorithm=RSA_1024
go

--恢复服务主密钥对数据库主密钥的保护
alter master key
add encryption by service master key
close master key
go

--*****(3)证书
--1)创建自签名证书
create certificate cert_Testcert
encryption by password='p@ssw0rd'
with subject='TestCert1',
start_date='1/31/2006',
expiry_date='1/31/2008'
go
select * from sys.certificates

--2)从文件导入证书
Create certificate cert_TestCert2
From file=’g:\MSCert.cer’
Go

-- 3)备份导出证书和密钥
backup certificate cert_Testcert
to file='g:\Testcert.cer'
with private key
(decryption by password='p@ssw0rd',
file='g:\TestCert_pvt',--私密钥
encryption by password='p@ssw0rd' )
go

--4)使用证书加解密数据
--加密:使用证书的公钥
declare @cleartext varbinary(200)
declare @cipher varbinary(200)
set @cleartext=convert( varbinary(200),'Test text string')
set @cipher=EncryptByCert(Cert_ID('cert_TestCert'),@cleartext)
select @cipher

--解密:使用证书的私钥
select convert(varchar(200),DecryptByCert(Cert_ID('cert_TestCert'),@cipher,N'p@ssw0rd')) as [cleartext]

--5) 删除证书私钥
alter certificate cert_TestCert
remove private key
go

--加密成功
declare @cleartext varbinary(200)
declare @cipher varbinary(200)
set @cleartext=convert( varbinary(200),'Test text string')
set @cipher=EncryptByCert(Cert_ID('cert_TestCert'),@cleartext)
select @cipher

--解密失败:因为私钥被删除
select convert(varchar(200),DecryptByCert(Cert_ID('cert_TestCert'),@cipher,N'p@ssw0rd')) as [cleartext]

--***(4) 非对称密钥
--1)使用sn.exe生成非对称密钥,安装vs2005后有sn.exe, 在命令行方式下执行
sn -k g:\asy_Test.key

--2)从文件创建非对称密钥
create asymmetric key asm_Test
from file='g:\asy_Test.key'
encryption by password='p@ssw0rd'
go

select * from sys.asymmetric_keys

--***********示例2 使用加密保护列数据
-----*****(1) 准备工作
--1) 创建示例表
create table empsalary
(EmpID int,
Title nvarchar(50),
Salary varbinary(500)
)
go

--2) 创建数据库主密钥
create master key encryption by password='p@ssw0rd'
go

--3) 创建用于加密的对称密钥
create symmetric key sym_Salary
with algorithm=AES_192
encryption by password='p@ssw0rd'
go

select * from sys.symmetric_keys where [name]='sym_Salary'

------****(2)加密列数据
--1)打开对称密钥
open symmetric key sym_Salary
decryption by password='p@ssw0rd'
go
select * from sys.openkeys

--2)向表中插入数据，并对salary列加密
insert into empsalary values (1,'CEO',EncryptByKey(KEY_GUID('sym_Salary'),'20000'))
insert into empsalary values (2,'Manager',EncryptByKey(KEY_GUID('sym_Salary'),'10000'))
insert into empsalary values (3,'DB Admin',EncryptByKey(KEY_GUID('sym_Salary'),'5000'))

--3)关闭打开的对称密钥
close symmetric key sym_Salary
go
select * from sys.openkeys

--4) 查看表中的数据
select * from empsalary

--(3)解密并访问被加密的数据列
--1)打开对称密钥
open symmetric key sym_Salary decryption by password='p@ssw0rd'
go
--2)使用对称密钥解密并访问被加密的列
select empid,title,cast(DecryptByKey(Salary) as varchar(20)) as salary from empsalary

--3) 关闭对称密钥
close symmetric key sym_Salary
go

--(4)绕过加密数据的攻击
--1)攻击者使用其他数据行的加密数据替换某一行的数据
update empsalary
set salary=(select salary from empsalary where empid=1)
where empid=3

--2)查看被攻击后解密的数据
open symmetric key sym_Salary decryption by password='p@ssw0rd'
select empid,title,cast(DecryptByKey(Salary) as varchar(20)) as salary from empsalary
close symmetric key sym_Salary

--(5)使用验证器防止绕过加密数据的攻击
--1)删除前面添加的数据行
delete empsalary

--2)向表插入数据，并对salary列的数据使用验证器进行加密
open symmetric key sym_Salary decryption by password='p@ssw0rd'
insert into empsalary values (1,'CEO',EncryptByKey(KEY_GUID('sym_Salary'),'20000',1,'1'))
insert into empsalary values (2,'Manager',EncryptByKey(KEY_GUID('sym_Salary'),'10000',1,'2'))
insert into empsalary values (3,'DB Admin',EncryptByKey(KEY_GUID('sym_Salary'),'5000',1,'3'))

--3)解密并访问被加密的数据
select empid,title,cast(DecryptByKey(Salary,1,cast(empid as varchar(3))) as varchar(20)) as salary from empsalary

--4)用同样的方法篡改数据
update empsalary
set salary=(select salary from empsalary where empid=1)
where empid=3

--5)被篡改后的加密了的数据列变成无效
select empid,title,cast(DecryptByKey(Salary,1,cast(empid as varchar(3))) as varchar(20)) as salary from empsalary

--***********示例3 使用数字证书签署存储过程

--*****(1)准备
--1)创建数据库主密钥
create master key encryption by password='p@ssw0rd'

--2)创建签署存储过程所需要的证书
create certificate cert_Product
with subject='Products Sign',
start_date='1/31/2006',
expiry_date='1/31/2008'
go

--3)创建SPDeveloper登录帐户和用户，该用户创建并访问Products表的存储过程
create login [SPDeveloper] with password='p@ssw0rd',default_database=[TestDB]
go
create user [SPDeveloper] for login SPDeveloper with default_schema=[SPDeveloper]
go
create schema products authorization SPDeveloper
go
exec sp_addrolemember @rolename='db_owner',@membername='SPDeveloper'

--4)以SPDeveloper的身份创建存储过程products.usp_Products
execute as user='SPDeveloper'
go
create procedure products.usp_Products
as
select * from dbo.Products
go

revert
select user

--5)创建普通用户jerry
create login [jerry] with password='p@ssw0rd',default_database=[TestDB]
go
create user [jerry] for login jerry
go

--*******(2)使用证书签署存储过程
--1)授予用户jerry执行存储过程的权限
grant execute on products.usp_Products to jerry

--2)以jerry的身份执行存储过程失败，因为拥有权链的断裂的
execute as user='jerry'
select user
go

execute products.usp_Products
go
revert

--3)使用证书在当前数据库创建用户ProductsReader,并为该用户赋予读取products表的权限
create user ProductsReader for certificate cert_Products
go
grant select on products To ProductsReader

--4)使用证书签署当前存储过程
add signature to products.usp_Products by certificate cert_Products

--5)以jerry的身份重新执行存储过程，成功
--因为存储过程将以ProductsReader的权限上下文执行
execute as user='jerry'
select user
go

execute products.usp_Products
go
revert